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Qing

7 articles

Heshen and the Plunder of the High Qing

3B. The Siku Quanshu and the Terror of the Literary Inquisition Beyond his financial machinations, Heshen exercised immense cultural and intellectual power as the…

28 min read

The Thirteen Factories of Canton and the Cohong

For eighty-five years—between 1757 and 1842 CE—the entire commercial, financial, and diplomatic relationship between the Chinese Empire and the maritime powers of the Western…

28 min read