ASML and the Lithography Monopoly
For nearly thirty years, a single company in the southern Netherlands has been working on a single machine: the extreme ultraviolet lithography scanner. Today,…
22 min read
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wafer
Modern Solar Cell Engineering
A modern solar cell converts more than a quarter of the sunlight that hits it into electricity. The cell is a few hundred micrometres…
17 min read
How a Chip Is Made
A modern smartphone contains a chip with more than twenty billion transistors, the smallest features only a few nanometres across, fabricated in a factory…
20 min read